Nā hōʻailona Narcotic

ʻO nā'ilikala he mau lāʻau lapaʻau e hiki ai ke hoʻonāwaliwali a hōʻeha paha i ka manaʻo o kaʻeha. Ma muli o ko lākouʻano, nā hopena pharmacological a me nā hopena ma ke kino, ua hoʻokaʻawaleʻia nā analgesics i nā huiʻelua: narcotic and non-narcotic.

Nīpīpika a me nā meaʻaʻohe narcotic

ʻO nā lāʻau lapaʻauʻole me nā narcotic:

1. Nā hana e pili ana i ka wai salicylic: aspirin, sodium salicylate.
2. Nā hana e pili ana i ka pyrazolone: ​​analge, amidopyrine, butadione.
3. Nā hana e pili ana i ka aniline: paracetamol, panadol, phenacetin.
4. Nā hana e pili ana i nā mea alkanoic: diclofenac sodium, brufen.
5. ʻO kekahi: natrofen, piroxicam, dimexide, chlorotazole.

Nīpīpika Narcotic:

1. Kaomi a me ka unuhiʻana o opium.
2. ʻO ka Alkaloids o opium: hoʻomākaukau i ka morphine a me ka codeine.
3. Nā analogues Semisynthetic o morphine: ethylmorphine, hydrocodone, etc.
4. ʻO nāʻano hoʻohui no morphine: estocin, butorphanol, buprenorphine, methadone, sufantsanil, alfentanil, oxymorphone, levorphanol, propoxyphene, nalbuphine, nalorphine, fentanyl, promedol, tramadol, tramal.

Nā Pharmacology o nā'ōkōpikipīpila

ʻO ka hapa nui o kēia mau hōʻailona he mau hua'ōlelo, hōʻailona synthetic a me nā mea likeʻole o ka morphine. Ma muli o ka hanana, he mau mea'onihue paha a he mau mea kū'ē i nā mea'onike o ka poʻe opioid.

1. Agonists: morphine, hydromorphone, oxymorphone, methadone, meperidine, fentanyl, alfentanil, sufantsanil, remifentanil, levorphanol, oxycodone.
2. Ka nui o nā'āpana: codeine, hydrocodone, propoxyphene, diphenoxylate.
3. ʻO nā mea hanaʻino ma kahi o ka'ōpū hanu, nā hopena a me nā hopena'ē aʻe).
4. ʻO nā mea anuanu: naloxone, naltrexone, nalmefene.

ʻO kaʻaoʻao hope loa ma ka papa inoaʻaʻole i pili i nā lāʻau lapaʻau lāʻau, akā,ʻo ko lākou mauʻenemi ke loaʻa iā lākou nā waiwai e pale ai i ka hopena o nā analgesics narcotic. Hoʻohanaʻia lākou i nā mea lapaʻau o nā lāʻau lapaʻau e pale i ko lākou hopena.

Nā hopena ma ke kino

No nā analgesics narcotic, he mauʻano pono kēia mau mea:

1. ʻO kahi hopena ākea ikaika, ka mea eʻae ai iā lākou e hoʻohanaʻia no nāʻeha a me nā maʻi me kaʻeha nui.
2. Ka hoʻouluʻana i ke kikowaena pūnaewele, iʻikeʻia i kahi euphoria ikaika, a me ka hoʻoikaika i ka manaʻo a me ke kino me ka hoʻokomo lōʻihi.
3. ʻO ka pukaʻana mai o ka maʻi hōʻeha i nā poʻe me ke olaʻana.

ʻO nāʻano pharmacocological o kēlā mau lāʻau lapaʻau, me ka hoʻohuiʻana i ka hoʻoponopono analgesic, he moeʻuhane, hāpai i ka maʻi a me ka lolo, hoʻouluʻana i ka leo o ka pūpū a me ka naʻau. Hiki iā lākou ke hana i ka neusea, ka luaʻiʻana, ka haunaele mai ke kikowaena pūnaewele (hallucinations) a me nā hopena'ē aʻe.

Ka hana hana

ʻO nā lāʻau lapaʻau o kēia pūʻulu he hopena i kaʻaoʻao limbic o ka lolo, aʻo ia ke kuleana no ka loiloiʻana i ka naʻau, kahi e hoʻonāukiuki ai i ka hoʻolālā a me ka noʻonoʻoʻana o kaʻeha, hoʻopau i ka makaʻu i hanaʻia e ia. ʻO ka hoʻonuiʻana i ka hanaʻana o nā endorphins,ʻo ia hoʻi ka agonists o ka maʻi (ʻo ia, kāpena iā lākou), e hiki ai i kā lākou hana a me ka emiʻana o kaʻeha. Ma lalo o ke aʻoʻana o ka lāʻau lapaʻau, ua hanaʻia nā kikowaena o ka leʻaleʻa a me ka hauʻoli i loko o ka lolo, kahi manaʻo o ka māmā, palekana, ua hanaʻia ka hauʻoli, e hiki ai i ka uluʻana o ka manaʻo palekana.